Why when I try to start my car does it not work and instead makes a loud noise.

An engine needs fuel and spark to run. Verify that engine has both of these and that fuel is getting into the engine. Any gas smell inside the air cleaner housing when cranking? if you have fuel and spark but no firing, then it could be a mechanical issue. If there is clunking sounds or other loud abnormal sounds that you don't normally hear, it could be a bad bearings, slipped timing chain, or yes; possible major engine damage, especially if it was ran without oil.