Is there any evidence that refueling the vehicle with the engine running can contribute to carbon canister failure?

YES, never re-fuel with the engine running!

The engine should absolutely be OFF before attempting to refuel any vehicle - regardless! 'Topping off' fuel tank is a major factor in multiple EVAP system failures. The canister vent solenoid should throughly test as well - in fact that is prime suspect for the symptoms you've posted here - - slow fuel tank fill - - however other possibilities certainly exist.